Calcium carbonate powder, a naturally abundant mineral compound with the chemical formula CaCO₃, is a cornerstone material across industries due to its versatility, affordability, and eco-friendly nature. Formed through geological processes like sedimentation of marine organisms or chemical precipitation, it exists in three primary crystalline structures: calcite (the most stable, with a rhombohedral shape), aragonite (needle-like, formed under high pressure), and vaterite (rare, spherical, and metastable). This structural diversity allows customization for specific uses, from coarse aggregates to nanoscale powders measuring less than 100 nanometers.
Physically, it exhibits high whiteness (typically 90-98% reflectivity), low moisture absorption, and excellent dispersibility, making it easy to integrate into various matrices. Chemically inert, it resists reactions with most acids (except strong ones like hydrochloric acid) and organic solvents, ensuring stability in harsh environments. Its Mohs hardness of 3 makes it easy to grind, while its high thermal stability (decomposing only above 825°C) suits high-temperature processes.
In construction, it is a key ingredient in cement and concrete, enhancing compressive strength and reducing curing time. As a filler in drywall, it improves workability and fire resistance. The paper industry relies on it to boost opacity and brightness in printing papers, replacing up to 30% of wood pulp and lowering production costs. In plastics, it reinforces PVC pipes, increases impact resistance in polypropylene packaging, and reduces shrinkage in molded parts, all while cutting raw material expenses.
Paints and coatings benefit from its ability to enhance scrub resistance, control gloss, and extend coverage. Food-grade calcium carbonate acts as a nutrient additive in baked goods and dairy products, while pharmaceutical grades serve as antacids and tablet binders. Agricultural applications include soil conditioning to neutralize acidity and as a calcium supplement in livestock feed.
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